Structure of the rift valley fever virus nucleocapsid protein. Rift valley fever in domestic ruminants results in abortion and high rates of mortality, especially among young animals 2. The disease is caused by rvf virus rvfv, a member of the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae. It has a wide variety of hosts but severe disease is seen most commonly in ruminants, especially sheep and goats, where it can present as an abortion storm, death of neonates, and hepatic disease. Rvf virus infection is transmitted and to formulate effective measures for reducing the number of infect ions. Rift valley fever has remained largely confined to africa since its debut, with brief forays into the middle east. The pathogenesis of rift valley fever pubmed central pmc. Zoonosis update 883 r valley fever virus is a mosquitoborne pathogen of livestock and humans that historically has been responsible for widespread and devastating outbreaks of severe disease throughout africa and, more recently, the arabian peninsula. The virus is a mosquito43 borne, human and veterinary pathogen, associated with multiple outbreaks in countries of africa and the 44 middle east2,3.
Disease in these species is characterized by fever, severe illness, abortions, and a high morbidity and mortality rate. Viruses free fulltext the pathogenesis of rift valley fever. Rift valley fever is typically mild in humans but can be severe. Rift valley fever disease rift valley fever rvf is a viral zoonosis that primarily affects animals but can also infect humans rvf outbreaks have been reported in subsaharan africa and egypt. Resources mmwr rift valley fever outbreak kenya, november 2006 january 2007 mmwr rift valley fever east africa, 19971998 viral special pathogens branch outbreaks who disease outbreak news.
Rift valley fever rvf is a peracute or acute, mosquitoborne, zoonotic disease of domestic and wild ruminants in africa, madagascar, and the arabian peninsula. Rift valley fever, viral infection of animals that is transmissible to humans and causes a febrile illness of short duration. In the book of exodus, the description of the fifth plague of egypt evokes a high mortality epizootic disease affecting livestock such as camels, goats, and sheep. May 06, 2011 rift valley fever rvf is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in subsaharan african countries and the arabian peninsula. A possible route for the introduction of rift valley fever virus into egypt during 1977. The disease is caused by the rift valley fever virus rvfv of the family bunyaviridae and the genus phlebovirus. As wildtype rvfv must be handled in bsl3 or bsl4 laboratories, we constructed a hightiter vesicular stomatitis virus vsv pseudotype bearing. Recent research activities on rift valley fever virus in the usa and elsewhere have improved the understanding of the epidemiological and agent characteristics.
Cdc rift valley fever rvf is a livestock virus that can be transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals and mosquitoes. Only one serotype is recognised but strains exist of. Target product profiles for rift valley fever virus vaccines. Rvfv is a threat to both animal and human health and has costly economic consequences mainly related to livestock production and trade. Resources mmwr rift valley fever outbreak kenya, november 2006 january 2007 mmwr rift valley fever east africa, 19971998 viral special pathogens branch outbreaks. Isolation and genetic characterization of rift valley fever virus from aedes vexans arabiensis, kingdom of saudi arabia. Molecular aspects of rift valley fever virus and the. Human infections can result from mosquito bites as well as direct or indirect contact with the blood or organs of infected animals care or slaughter of infected animals and possibly from. In 2000, cases were confirmed in saudi arabia and yemen, raising concerns that it could extend to other parts of asia and europe. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute viral disease that affects domestic animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels. The hemorrhagic fever virus has had a reputation for wreaking havoc with occasional outbreaks in africa since at least the 1930s, when it was identified in kenya. It is debatable whether rift valley fever was that biblical plague but it is undeniably an ancient zoonosis and its modern history is no less dramatic. Pathophysiology rift valley fever rvf is a viral disease caused by the rvf virus which is of the phlebovirus type.
In addition to airborne spread of the virus, humans can become infected through handling undercooked meat, blood or raw milk. Rift valley fever aetiology epidemiology diagnosis prevention and control references aetiology classification of the causative agent rift valley fever rvf virus is a negativesense, trisegmented rna virus of the within the order bunyavirales, family phenuiviridae, genus phlebovirus. Nov, 2018 rift valley fever phlebovirus rvfv is a mosquitotransmitted pathogen endemic to subsaharan africa and the arabian peninsula. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates of mortality and abortion. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates. It can cause abortions in pregnant animals and a high mortality in young animals. Dvrd article excerpts about the causes of rift valley fever. Rift valley fever an overview sciencedirect topics. Rift valley fever outbreak reported in sudan cidrap. The disease is caused by the rvf virus, a member of the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae.
Rift valley fever virus an overview sciencedirect topics. The disease is caused by the rvf virus, generally found in regions of eastern and southern africa, but also in most countries of subsaharan africa, madagascar, saudi arabia and yemen. Genome analysis of rift valley fever virus, mayotte. Rift valley fever is an infectious viral disease and an emerging problem in many countries of africa and on the arabian peninsula. It is spread by either touching infected animal blood, breathing in the air around an infected animal being butchered, drinking raw milk from an. Author summary rift valley fever virus rvfv is a vectorborne virus that infects wildlife and livestock, and can subsequently spread to humans. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is highly contagious to. Even in regions where the rvf virus is always present, outbreaks do not necessarily occur. Historically, outbreaks of rift valley fever have occurred at 1015year intervals in normally dry areas of africa subsequent to a period of heavy rainfall.
Rift valley fever fact sheet department of health home. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is highly contagious to humans producing fever, and. Due to the nature of the disease it has the potential to cause substantial economic and public health impacts. It is also spread by direct contact with blood, fluids, or tissues of infected animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels. Competent hosts and vectors for rvfv are widespread, existing outside of endemic countries including the usa. Other information usda permit required, doc permit required, hepa filtration, usda restricted, usda high consequence agent, vaccination recommended. Valley fever in 2007 in comoros, we isolated rift valley fever virus in suspected human cases. Department of pathology, microbiology, and immunology, school of veterinary medicine, university of california, davis, ca 95616. Rift valley fever virus rvfv, a recognized category a priority pathogen, causes large outbreaks of rift valley fever with some fatalities in humans in humans and huge economic losses in livestock.
Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fever causing viral disease most commonly observed in domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, with the ability to infect and cause illness in humans. Rift valley fever rvf is a viral disease that can cause mild to severe symptoms. Rift valley fever is a mosquitoborne zoonotic disease of domestic ruminants. Several years can separate outbreaks, with no evidence of disease in the interim. Special pathogens branch, division of viral and rickettsial diseases, centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta, ga 30333. Rift valley fever occurs throughout most of africa, and has been reported in egypt, saudi arabia, and yemen. These viruses are genetically closely linked to the 20062007 isolates from kenya. Overview of rift valley fever generalized conditions. Facts about rift valley fever homepage european centre. Rift valley fever virus is a segmented, enveloped, singlestranded rna virus in the genus phlebovirus, family bunyaviridae. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute viral disease that can cause severe disease in domestic animals such as buffalo, camels, cattle, goats and sheep and humans. Sals basis results of sals surveys and information from the catalogue.
The disease is caused by the rvf virus, generally found in regions of eastern and southern africa, but also in most countries of subsaharan africa, madagascar, saudi arabia and. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a rift valley fever virus. Rift valley fever rvf virus is an arbovirus in the bunyaviridae family that, from phylogenetic analysis, appears to have first emerged in the mid19th century and was only identified at the. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is an rna virus of the phenuiviridae family 1, 2 that causes a wide range of disease symptoms in both humans and animals 36. Classification of the causative agent resistance to physical. Rift valley fever virus article about rift valley fever. This research has led to implementation of risk reduction strategies in countries known to experience outbreaks and to improve monitoring of disease events outside of these. Rvf is an acute mosquitoborne viral disease mainly affecting ruminant animals and humans. Rift valley fever results from infection by the rift valley fever virus, an rna virus in the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae.
The world health organization who today detailed a rift valley fever rvf outbreak affecting six states in sudan, which follows heavy rains and flash flooding in august that affected nearly all of the country. Jun 29, 2010 rift valley fever is a mosquito and aerosolborne disease of livestock and humans in subsaharan africa and is caused by rift valley fever virus rvfv. Rift valley fever rvf is an illness caused by a virus that is spread through mosquito bites. Rift valley fever disease directory travelers health cdc. Rift valley fever rvf is one of the most serious transboundary animal diseases.
Rift valley fever rfv is an emerging and devastating disease of small ruminant and the occurrence of antibodies to rvf virus in sheep and goats was first reported from rajasthan state in 1995. Rift valley fever rvf is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in subsaharan african countries and the arabian peninsula. Rift valley fever rvf has been identified in africa and the arabian peninsula, but has the potential to spread more widely. There are a few commercially available veterinary vaccines, and some clinical experience. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fevercausing viral disease most commonly observed in domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, with the ability to infect and cause illness in humans. Rift valley fever symptoms, diagnosis and treatment bmj. Rift valley fever rvf is an insecttransmitted, acute, febrile, viral disease of sheep, cattle, goats and humans. Rift valley fever rvf is a disease of domesticated livestock that is frequently transmitted to humans.
There are several genetic lineages of this virus, some of which may cocirculate, in endemic regions. Rift valley fever virus induces fetal demise in sprague. The virus was first isolated and rvf disease was initially characterized following the sudden deaths over a 4week period of. Rift valley fever united states pdf ppt case reports. Rift valley fever is zoonotic, meaning that it can spread to people through contact with infected livestock. In humans, clinical signs of rift valley fever are influenzalike, and include fever, headache, muscular pain, weakness, nausea, epigastric pain. Fatal disease is common when infection occurs in young animals, and abortion is frequent in infected pregnant animals. The world health organization who today detailed a rift valley fever rvf outbreak affecting six states in sudan, which follows heavy rains and flash flooding. In 2000, cases were confirmed in saudi arabia and yemen, raising concerns. During outbreak, 1062 people were infected with rift valley fever and 394 people died between december 2006 and december 2007. The rift valley fever virus protein nsm and putative cellular. East africa suffered a regional outbreak of rift valley fever in late 2006 that affected kenya, somalia, and tanzania. Humans become infected through mosquito bites and through direct contact with infected animal blood or tissue. It is named after the great rift valley in kenya where it was first discovered in livestock in the early 1910s.
Scientists worry that rift valley fever could reach us cidrap. Rift valley fever what is rift valley fever and what causes it. Rift valley fever introduction rift valley fever rvf, first reported in 1931 as an outbreak of enzootic hepatitis in the rift valley of kenya, is a viral disease of domestic ruminants and is capable of causing disease in humans. Rift valley fever rvf is a hemorrhagic fever whose virus phlebotomus genus, bunyaviridae family is spread by mosquitoes and other insect vectors.
Most people with rvf do not feel sick or have only mild illness. Rift valley fever rvf florida department of health. An undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from east africa. The virus which causes rvf belongs to the genus phlebovirus in. Headache, intolerance to light photophobia, muscle pain, loss of appetite, and prostration are common symptoms. Pdf animal models of rift valley fever virus infection. Rift valley fever is a viral disease spread primarily by mosquitoes which can affect both humans and animals. Rift valley fever fact sheet pennsylvania department of. The influence of raw milk exposures on rift valley fever.
The causative virus is predominantly transmitted by mosquitoes and high mortality and abortion rates characterize outbreaks in animals while symptoms ranging from mild to lifethreatening encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever are noticed among infected humans. Rift valley fever is a mosquito and aerosolborne disease of livestock and humans in subsaharan africa and is caused by rift valley fever virus rvfv. Originally isolated in 1930 in the rift valley of kenya 7, 8, rvfv remained within the continent of african until 2000 when it emerged in saudi arabia and yemen 8 11. This disease causes abortions in pregnant animals, and it has a high mortality rate in newborn animals. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fever causing disease caused by rvf virus, a bunyavirus that is transmitted via mosquitoes to domestic livestock. The virus belongs to the bunyaviridae family genus phlebovirus. Rift valley fever phlebovirus rvfv is a mosquitotransmitted pathogen endemic to subsaharan africa and the arabian peninsula. Large outbreaks of clinical disease are usually associated with heavy rainfall and localized flooding. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fevercausing disease caused by rvf virus, a bunyavirus that is transmitted via mosquitoes to domestic livestock.
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